初级语法

词性简介

名称解释例句
名词 [n]分可数名称(Countable nouns)和不可数名称(UnCountable nouns)ship,people
冠词 [art]用于放在名词前面a,an,the 三个
形容词 [adj]用来修饰名词strict 严厉的 early 早
动词 [v]表动作,状态,分及物动词【vt】和不及物动词【vi】go,sing,die,rain,be,have,know,happen
副词 [adv]修饰动词、形容词,副词,短语和句子I never get up early on weekends
介词 [prep]连接单词,用来显示关系the apple on the desk
连词 [conj]连接单词、短语、句子There are seats outside but ...
代词 [pron]代替名词I don’t konw,it’s for you

a white ship sails slowly in the sea and some people on it。

a ——冠词

white —— 形容词

ship —— 名词

sails —— 动词

slowly —— 副词

in —— 介词

and —— 连词

it —— 代词

名词[n]

名词按照是否首字母大小写可分为:

  • 普通名词 common nouns :river、friend、mother-in-row
  • 专有名词 proper nouns : Tom,New York

名词按照数量化可以划分为:

  • 可数名词 countable,特点是数量可数,并且有复数形式
  • 不可数名词 uncountable,特点是不可数,比较抽象,本身是无复数形式,如果想体现复数则需要加量词。

常见可数名词例如:ship,people 等都是表示可数的,可数名词一般有复数形式:

boy——boys

table —— tables

country —— countries

child —— children

不可数名词例如:

water、furniture、petrol、information

有一些单词在某些语义上是可数的,在某些语义上是不可数的,比如:smoke,作为烟雾的意思是不可数的,作为抽烟(这种行为)是可数的。

名词复数形式变化规则

  • 大部分单词可以直接加 s

    cars、books、mothers-in-row

  • 以s、x、z、ch、sh 结尾的加 es

    box - boxes、class - classes、quiz - quizzes

  • 辅音字母 + y 的名词,改 y 为i,再加 es

    Baby - babies、family - families

  • 以 f、fe 结尾的,去掉f/fe,改为 v 再加 es

    knife - knives、life - lives、wife - wives

  • 以辅音字母 + o 结尾的,复数加 es

    hero - heroes、potato - potatoes

    例外:

    piano - pianos 、halo - halos、photo - photos

  • 不规则的复数形式

    child - children、foot - feet、people - people、sheep - sheep

不可数名词

不可数名词借助量词可以达到复数的表达效果:

1 cup of coffee

5 cups of coffee

在口语中可以省略量词。

经常弄错的不可数名词

Information 信息,消息

research 表示抽象的研究时是不可数的,而表示实体的研究(资料、论点)等时是可数的 researches

capital 表示资本时是不可数的,表示首都时是可数的 capitals

pollution 污染物

knowledge 知识

software 软件

news 新闻

architecture 表示抽象的建筑(风格、设计)是不可数的,表示建筑物时是可数的 architectures

equipment 设备、装备

furniture 家具

education 表示抽象的教育时是不可数的,表示教育机构 educations

experience 表示经验时事不可数的,表示经历时可数 experiences

life 表示人生时不可数,表示生命时可数 lives

love

time

advice

由于不少名词是既可数又不可数的(不同的语义环境下),所以当名词复数形式不清楚时,需要查看字典以及例句。

例句

Yesterday, I caught two thieves.

what happend?

They each carried a knife,ripped some furniture but stole nothing.

well,according to my experience,I’d like to give you some advice.

Go head

Get house insurance

冠词[art]

冠词一共三个,a,an,the,放在名词前面使用。

a 和 an 的差别在于元音发音开头的单词需要用 an,非元音发音开头的单词则是 a。

比如 an uncertain,a university

the 有两种读音,后面接元音发音开头的单词念 /ði/,非元音发音开头的单词念/ðə/。

比如 the apple 就需要念/ði/

the books就念/ðe/

基本原则

  • the:你知道我指哪一个(特指)

    例如:Could you please pass me the salt

  • a,an:你不太知道我指的是哪一个

    例如:I need a help

  • 零冠词:你不太知道我指的是哪一个

    例如:I need help

a,an

  • 加可数名词单数,表示一个/只/位

    I have a question.

    Do you have a car?

  • 加不可数名词,表示一种/类

    Difference is a power

    You’ve been a great help

a和an的区别在于是否后面跟着元音发音开头的单词,注意:元音发音开头并不等于 A、E、I、O、U 这几个元音字母开头的单词。

例如:

an applle

an hour

an old car

a university

the

  • 加可数名词单数 - 用来特指某一个/类/种

    Have you seen the cat?

    The cat is a smart animal

  • 加可数名词复数 - 用来特指某一个/类/种

    The stars are really bright tonight

    The Romantic poets

  • 加不可数名词 - 用来特指某一个/类/种

    The sun

    The government

    The first stage 第一阶段

零冠词

  • 加复数名词(不特指的情况下大部分用法)

    There are cats in every room

  • 加不可数名词

    I need information

  • 其他

    • kind of,sort of,number of

      The number of the money

    • 日、月、季节

      See you on the Thursday

    • 双词组

      day after the day

    • 所有格

      the Tom’s coat

零冠词与 the

零冠词the
在某地做该做的事情在某地
in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院
at table 吃饭at the table 在桌边上
go to bed 睡觉go to the bed 去床边
in school 上学in the school 在学校
in office 工作in the office 在办公室

例句:

Where is tom?

He is in school

And where’s his sister?

She is in the school

what for?

She is a teacher

Oh, I see

小结

零冠词可数名词复数、不可数名词特指/泛指 需要根据语境
the可数名词单数、复数、不可数名词特指
the形容词,例如:the rich(富人)泛指
a/an可数名词单数、不可数名词无特指

代词[pron]

代词的作用是替代名词。

I don’t know,it’s for you.

代词分主格和宾格,主格指的是我做的,宾格指的是作用在我身上的。

主格宾格

主格宾格
I 我me
you 你you
he/she/it TAhim/her/it
we 我们us
you 你们you
they 他们them
my 我的mine
your 你的yours
her/his/its TA 的hers/his/its
our 我们的ouers
your 你的yours
their TA 们的theirs

例句:

  1. We really appreciate all the help you gave us last weekend.
  2. The book is mine
  3. This is my book
  4. Here’s my car,where’s theirs
  5. Give that book to me
  6. I and Sarah Sarah and I went for coffee

所有格

所有格指的是代指谁的

Jack’s brother

My mother’s car

The dog’s tail

My friends’ cars

The children’s toys

代指本身

单数复数
yourselfyourselves
myselfourselves
himself/herself/itselfthemselves

You tell yourself everything’s all right but you know it’s not true

If you not trust me you’d better go yourself

It 代指人

it 一般是指代非人或非生命。

但是也有指人的两种情况:

  1. 不知道性别

    What wil you call it if it’s a boy

  2. 表明某人是谁

    who’s that over there

    It’s Robert

代指这和那

单数复数
thisthese
thatthose

This is my car

These are my cars

I like that book

Those books are mine

不定单词

another, anybody, anyone, anything

each, either, everybody, everyone, everything

neighter, nobody, no one, nothing

somebody, someone, something

one, other

以上所有不定单词的出现后面都跟第三人称单数的动词。

A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read

所有人都

everyone、everybody

Everyone wants to achieve their personal goals in life

每个人都想要达到他们的人生目标

对话例句

A: What’s wrong with you?

B: I’m really upset,Do you know Juli,my girlfriend?

A: Yes,everyone knows her

B: She broke up with me

A: There are plenty of fish in the sea

动词[verb]

动词分及物动词[vt]和不及物动词[vi],动词主要用来表示动作,状态和事件等。

  • Actions: go,sing
  • Events: die,rain,happen
  • Status: be,have,know

动词的五大变化规则

动词原型不定式第三人称单数现在分词过去式过去分词
doto dodoesdoingdiddone

第三人称单数变化规则

他、她、它、TA 们指的是第三人称。

第三人称单数后面加动词需要让动词做一些变形:

She have has a book。

第三人称单数的变化规则跟名词的复数形式非常类似:

  • 大多数动词词尾可以直接加 s

    stop - stops、make - makes

    She makes cupcakes every day。

  • 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的,改 y 为 i,然后加 es

    fly - flies、study - studies、worry - worries

    My mom always worries about me。

  • 以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾的,在词尾直接加 es

    teach - teaches、watch - watches

    She watches TV every night。

  • 以 o 结尾的动词,直接加 es

    does

  • be 动词变化规则

    原型不定式第三人称单数现在分词过去式过去分词
    beto beisbeingwas/werebeen

    She is a teacher 她现在是老师

    She was a teacher 她曾经是老师

    She is going to be a teacher 她即将成为老师

动词的现在分词变化规则

  • 一般在动词末尾直接加 ing

    do - doing、see - seeing

  • 以不发音字母 e 结尾的动词,先去掉 e,再加 ing

    skate - skating 、have - having

  • 以 ie 结尾的动词,把 ie 变成 y 再加 ing

    lie - lying

动词的过去式、过去分词变化规则

之所以将过去式、过去分词放在一起,是因为大部分情况下,过去式和过去分词是一样的。

  • 一般动词原型后加 ed

    look - looked - looked

  • 以 e 结尾的动词直接加 d

    move - moved - moved

  • 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词,变 y 为 i,再加 ed

    study - studied - studied

  • 以元音字母加 y 为结尾的,直接加 ed

    play - played - played

  • 以 r 音节结尾的,双写 r 再加 ed

    prefer - preferred - preferred

对话例句

A:Juli,do you know what Tom’s job is ?

B:He works as a waiter at Pizza Hut .

A:what did he do before ?

B:He was a waiter at Burger King .

A:How long had he worked there?

B:I have no idea .

形容词[adj]

形容词(adjective)用来修饰名词,有些单词既可以用作形容词,也可以用作副词。

例如:

early

—— 提早(副词)You left early this morning.

—— 早期的(形容词)This is very early!

形容词的作用

  1. 放在名词前,修饰名词,做定语

    The new teacher doesn’t like me

  2. 在句子里面当表语

    She is beautiful

    其中,she 是主语,is 是系动词 beautiful 是表语

  3. 注意:something、anything、nothing、everyone、no one 等不定代词,形容词需要放到它们的后面。

    There is something wrong with the phone

认识形容词

  1. 一般形容词

    good、active、beautiful、reasonable(有理由的,公平的)、cold-hearted(冷血的)、five-year-old(五岁的)

  1. 数词+名词

    a five-year-old boy 一个五岁大的男孩

    a four-hour trip 一段四小时的旅途

    an 800-meter-long bridge 一座 800 米长的桥

  1. 形容词+名词 — ed

    a warm-hearted woman 一位热心的女士

    two-middle-aged men 两位中年男士

    a near-sighted boy 一个近视的男孩

  1. 形容词+动词 -ed/-ing

    an easy-going man 一个随和的男士

    an ordinary-looking man 一位相貌普通的男士

    ready-made goods 现成的货物

  1. 副词+动词 ed/动词 ing

    a well-known singer 一位知名的歌手

    hard-working people 努力工作的人们

  1. 名词+分词

    a man-made satellite 一位知名的歌手

    a snow-covered hill 一座覆盖了雪的山

  1. 形容词+名词

    a full-time job 一份全职的工作

    Second-hand material 一份二手的资料

  1. 形容词+形容词

    a grey-green car 一辆灰绿色的车

    a deaf-mute boy 一个聋哑男孩

合成词规律

中间有小横杠的:形容词(adj): take-away 可带走的

中间是空格的:动词(v):take away 带走

连在一起的:名词(n):takeaway 外卖

形容词的变化

形容词会有比较级和最高级的变化

  • 大部分单词的级别变化,直接+er 或者 est

    high ——> higher ——> highest

    rich ——> richer ——> richest

    small ——> smaller ——> smallest

    young ——> younger ——> youngest

  • 以 e 为结尾的形容词,直接+r 或者 st

    nice ——> nicer ——> nicest

    fine ——> finer ——> finest

  • 以元音+辅音结尾的形容词,双写辅音+er 或者双写辅音+est

    big ——> bigger ——> biggest

    hot ——> hotter ——> hottest

  • y 结尾的双音节形容词,改 y 为 i+er 或者改 y 为 i+est

    busy ——> busier ——> busiest

    happy ——> happier ——> happiest

  • 三个或三个音节以上的形容词(元音发音超过 3 个),用 more 或者 most

    beautiful ——> more beautiful ——> most beautiful

    intelligent ——> more intelligent ——> most intelligent

  • 不规则变化

    bad ——> worse ——> worst

    good ——> better ——> best

    far ——> farther/further ——> farthest/furthest

    old ——> older/elder ——> oldest/eldest

注意:more/most 后面不要加比较级和最高级

They are looking for a better life ✅

They are looking for a more better life ❎

对话应用

A:I really like my new teacher。

B:What’s she like?

A:She is a nice lady,much more easy-going than the last one。

B:What subject does she teach?

A:English,I feel like that I’m more intersted in English than before。

形容词在句子中的位置

——The order of Adjectives

  1. 形容词主要用来放在名词前面,修饰名词,做定语。多个形容词放在名词前面,修饰名词时的位置

    • 一般情况:表达观点、态度的 adj ——> 描述事实的 adj

      一只傻傻的肥猫

      a silly fat cat

      一栋绝妙的旧房子

      a wonderful old house

    • 描述事实的 adj ——> 类别

      一个绿色的酒瓶子

      a green wine bottle

      一个新的汽车工厂

      a new car factory

    • 描述事实时,形容词的次序不完全固定,通常按照大小、年龄、形状、颜色、来源、材料排列

      一个小的、圆的、黑色的皮革手提包

      a small round black leather handbag

  2. 两个或以上形容词放在名词前面,修饰名词,形容词之间通常用逗号

    一个昂贵的、计划不周的、浪费的项目

    an expensive,ill-planned,wasteful project

    形容词之间通常用逗号,但是短 adj 时,逗号也可以省略

    高大、黝黑、英俊的牛仔男孩

    a tall,dark,handsome cowboy

    a tall dark handsome cowboy

    形容词之间不太用 and,但也有例外

    一件蓝绿相间的外套

    a blue and green coat —— 某物的不同部分

    冷热饮料

    Hot and cold drinks —— 某物的不同种类

  3. 在句子里面当表语时,两个或两个以上的形容词,通常在最后一个 adj 前面加 and

    她年轻貌美

    She is beautiful and young

    他高大、黝黑并且英俊

    He is tall,dark,and handsome

    这件外套看起来温暖、经典并且昂贵

    This coat looks warm,classic and expensive

  4. 形容词当宾补时,放在宾语后面

    我会把车准备好

    I’ll get the car ready

    让我们把厨房粉刷成黄色的吧

    Let’s paint the kitchen yellow

    比较:

    让我们把厨房刷成黄色的

    Let’s paint the kitchen yellow —— yellow 是宾补

    让我们粉刷这黄色的厨房

    Let’s paint the yellow kitchen —— yellow 是定语

对话应用 2

A: It’s so cold outside.

B: Do you want something to drink ?

A: That would be great ! Can I have a cup of coffee.

B: Yes.What coffee would you like ?

A: A hot strong black coffee . Thanks .

副词[adv]

副词用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语和句子。

中文里:飞快地跑、慢慢地走。对应英语里就是副词

例句:

  • I never get up early at the weekends.
  • It's rather cold,isn't it?
  • I'm always ...

副词的作用

  1. 修饰动词(最主要的作用)

    sit quietly

    安静地坐着

  2. 修饰形容词

    She is a quite clever girl

    她是一个十分聪明的女孩

  3. 修饰副词

    Tom walks incredibly slowly

    Tom 走得相当慢

  4. 修饰短语/句子

    Personally, I don’t like the plan

    个人而言,我不喜欢这个计划

副词有哪些

  1. 在形容词的基础上变形——直接加 ly

    adjectiveadverb
    calm 平静的calmly 平静地
    beautiful 漂亮的beautifully 漂亮地
    extreme 极端的extremely 极端地
  2. 在形容词的基础上变形——改 y 为 i + ly

    adjectiveadverb
    easy 容易的easily 容易地
    lucky 幸运的luckily 幸运地
    angry 愤怒的angrily 愤怒地
  3. 既可以做形容词,又可以做副词的单词

    wordadjAdv
    fast晚的晚
    left左边的在左边
    hard努力的,用力的努力地、用力地
    outside外面的在外面
    right右边的,正确的在右边,正确地
    straight笔直的、直接的笔直地、直接
    late迟到、晚的迟、晚
    well状况好、健康好、对
    daily日常的、每日的每日
    weekly每周的每周
    monthly每月的每月
    yearly每年的每年

    例句:

    She drives a fast car

    她开着一辆很快的车。

    这里的 fast 修饰的是名词 car,所以 fast 是形容词

    She drives fast

    她开得很快

    这里的 fast 修饰的是动词 drives,所以 fast 是副词

  4. --ward(s)或者--wise 结尾的副词

    inwards(向内地)、upwards(向上地)、eastwards(向东地)(towards 不是副词)

    likewise(同样地)、clockwise(顺时针方向地)、otherwise(否则)

  5. 其他

    just(只是)、quite(非常)、so(那么、就)、soon(很快)、too(太)、very(很、非常)

副词如何使用

  1. Time adverbs:表示时间的时间副词

    recently(最近)、early(在早期)、finally(最后)、lately(不久前)、now(现在)、today(今天)、yesterday(昨天)、tomorrow(明天)、still(依旧)、soon(很快)、yet(迄今为止、早晚、还)、already(已经)

    例句:

    我今天要去北京

    I am going to Beijing today

    他们依然无法决定

    They can’t still decide

    你已经告诉过我了

    You already told me that

    最后,我要感谢来的所有人

    Finally,I’d like to thank everyone for coming

  2. Manner adverbs:表示某事发生或完成的方式

    loudly(大声地)、quietly(安静地)、badly(差)、hard(努力地)、beautifully(美丽地)、professionally(专业地)、carefully(认真地)、greedily(贪婪地)、cautiously(小心地)、slowly(迟缓地)、well(好)

    例句:

    她读信很慢

    She read the latter slowly

    我们悄悄地走上楼梯

    We walked up the stairs quietly

    John 工作非常努力

    John works really hard

    你英语讲的非常好

    You speak English well

  3. Place adverbs:表示地点

    upstairs(在楼上)、around(周围)、here(在这里)、there(在那里)、nearby(在附近)

    例句:

    过来坐这边

    Come and sit here

    小孩子正在楼上玩

    The children are playing upstairs

    附近有人

    There is somebody nearby

    全家围坐在桌子旁

    The whole family is sitting around the table

  4. Pegree adverbs:表示程度

    quite(非常)、too(太)、very(非常)、really(真的)、pretty(相当)、extremely(极其)、a lot(经常)、a little、a bit(片刻)、completely(彻底地)、rather(相当地)、enough(足够地)、totally(完全地)

    例句:

    Tom 经常出差

    Tom travels a lot on business

    她看起来对此不太难过

    She doesn’t seem too upset about it

    他是个很好的年轻人

    He is a nice enough young man

    我的立场相当不同

    My position is rather different

  5. Linking adverbs:连接短语和句子

    hence(因此)、moreover(此外)、then(然后)、otherwise(否则)、although(虽然、尽管)、meanwhile(同时)、next(紧接着)、however(然而)、instead(相反、代替、反而)、nevertheless(尽管如此)、conversely(相反地)、similarly(相似地)

    例句:

    如果你不告诉他,那我会的

    If you won’t tell him.then I will

    这是一个简单的过程,但是也很危险

    This is a simple process .However,there are dangers

    他依然决定要走,尽管我请求他不要走

    He decided to go.although I begged him not to

    Tom 没有学金融,相反地,他决定做一名演员

    Tom didn’t study finance,Instead,he decided to become an actor

副词的比较级

大部分跟形容词类似,例如:

hard harder hardest

fast faster fastest

特殊的:

well better best

much more most

badly worse worst

little less least

例句:

孩子学东西比成年人快

Children learn things faster than adults

我们需要更仔细地地对待环境

We need to treat the environment more carefully

道路受雪的影响最严重

Roads were worst affected by the snow

我们得少花钱

We’ve got to spend less money(less 修饰的是 spend)

对话应用

你今晚要去做什么

A: What are you going to do tonight

完全没有想法,你呢

B: Totally have no idea.How about you

我要去玩电子游戏

A: I’m going to play video games

你不认为你玩得太频繁了吗

B: Don’t you think you play it too often?

我一周只玩两次

A: I only play it twice a week !

真的吗?为什么你喜欢玩?

B: Really ? Why do you like playing it ?

它给我带来了完全不同的感受

A: Well ,it brings me a cpmpletely different experience.

副词在句子中的位置

The position of the Adverbs

  1. 连接副词放在句首

    However ,not everybody agreed

    然而,不是每个人都同意

    Next,I want to say something about the future

    接下来,我要说关于未来的一些事情

    Suddenly ,the door opend

    突然,门被打开了

    例外:

    Not everyone,however,agreed。——插入语

    然而,并非所有人都同意

  2. 时间副词放在句首、句尾

    Soon ,everything will be different

    很快一切都会不同

    I couldn’t go shopping yesterday so I’ll have to go today

    我昨天没能去购物因此我今天会去

    Did you see the game on TV last night

    你昨天晚上看电视上的比赛了吗

    Put the butter in the fridge at once

    马上把黄油放进冰箱

  3. 地点副词放在句尾

    What are you doing here

    你在这做什么呢?

    She is sitting at the end of the garden

    她正坐在花园的尽头

    A group of reporters were waiting nearby

    附近有一群记者在等着

    例外:

    Here comes your bus —— 引发倒装句

    你的公交车来了

  4. 方式副词放在句尾

    She speaks English well

    她英语讲得很好

    She ate quickly

    她吃得很快

    He shook his head slowly

    他慢慢地摇了摇头

    例外:

    I slowly began to feel better again ——弱化副词

    我慢慢地又感觉好些了

  5. 程度副词放在句中

    句中指哪里?

    • 副词放在谓语前面

      I often go to school at 8:00 am

      I go to often school at 8:00 am

      我经常早上 8 点去学校

    • 副词夹在谓语中间

      She has never written to me —— has written to 是谓语

      She never has written to me

      她从来没有写信给我

      You can almost see the sea —— can see 是谓语

      You almost can see the sea

      你能够经常看到海

      He was definitely trying to get into the house —— was trying to 是谓语

      He definitely was trying to get into the house

      他当时绝对正在试图进入房子里去

    • 副词放在系动词后面

      She is always kind to me

      她总是对我很友善

      I look really stupied in front of my friends

      我在朋友面前看起来很傻

    • 多个副词顺序 方式 > 地点 > 时间

      Tom played well in the match on Saturday

      Tom 在周六的比赛中玩得很好

      well 是方式、in the match 是地点 on Saturday 是时间

      However,she starts off slowly at the beginning

      然而,在开始的时候她起步很慢

    • 副词和否定在一起时

      强调否定,副词放在否定前面

      I certainly do not agree

      我当然不同意

      不强调,副词放在否定后面

      I do not often have headaches

      我不经常头疼

      比较一下

      I don’t really like her

      我不怎么喜欢她

      I really don’t like her

      我确实不喜欢她

对话应用 2

A: Hi,Tom, I haven’t seen you in such a long time!

嗨,Tom,我已经好长时间没见到你了啊

B: Yeah,It seems like more than a year. How are you recently

是的,看起来好像一年多了。你最近怎样

A: I’m pretty busy at work

我工作特别忙

B: You have definitely been working too hard

你肯定工作太努力了

A: That’s right,sometimes I think that I should quit my job

对啊,有时候我觉得我应该辞职

介词[prep]

介词用来连接单词,可以显示关系。

例句:

  • the apple on the desk.
  • give that to me

认识介词(prepositions)

  • 连接单词,显示关系:时间、空间、逻辑等

    例句:

    I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema

    我将在电影院对面的咖啡店见你

    Give that to me

    把那个给我

  • 介词词组,显示关系:时间、空间、逻辑等

    The bus stops right in front of our house

    公交车正好停在我们房子前面

    The shop is open everyday except for Sunday

    这个商店每天都会开门除了周日

使用介词

  1. 介词结构(短语)

    They first met at a party —— 介词+对象

    他们第一次见面是在 party 上

    It’s a machine for making ice-cream

    这是一台专门用于制造冰激凌的机器

    We were really surprised at what they wrote

    我们对他们写的内容感到非常惊讶

    They left the party just before us

    他们在我们之前离开了聚会

    名词/动词/形容词/副词 + 介词 + 名词/动词 ing/句子

    介词后面加名词:

    Allen is very good at languages

    Allen 对语言非常擅长

    介词后面加动词 ing

    I’m not good at cooking

    我不擅长煮饭

  2. 如何使用

    方法 1:看介词本身的意思——表示地点、时间、方向、方式的介词

    • 表示地点

      第一组:

      above 在...上

      beside 在...旁

      on 在...上

      behind 在...后

      in 在...里

      in front of 在...前

      below 在...下

      over 在...上面(盖住什么)

      under 在...下面

      image-20220911160247163

      第二组:

      out 到外面

      between 在两个中间

      around 围绕

      along 沿着

      across 横穿

      down 向下

      up 向上

      image-20220911160439929

      第三组:

      to 至

      away from 远离

      past 通过

      into 进入,直到

      onto 到...之上

      off 离开

      at 在

      beneath 在...下面

      beyong 在...以外

      by 通过、由、以、将、靠、截至

      inside 里边

      near 靠近

      opposite 对面

      through 通过、经过

      toward 往、对着

      undernearth 在...下方

      against 针对、对着

      among 其中、之间、当中、在...之间

    • 表示时间

      after 以后

      around 大约

      at 在...时间

      before 以前

      between 在,,,时间之间

      during 在...期间

      from 从...开始

      on 在...日期

      until 直到...迄

      in 在...时间段

      since 从...开始

      for 于

      within 在...之内

      at 时间点;年龄;一段时间

      He starts work at 10 am,and finishes at 6:30 pm

      他早上 10 点开始工作,下午 6.30 结束

      Many children leave school at 16

      许多孩子在 16 岁就离开学校

      They leave the front-door light on at night

      他们在晚上让前门的灯亮着

      on 日期;(包括复数)

      We meet on Tuesday

      我们周二见面

      We moved into this house on 25 October 1987

      我们于 1987 年 10 月 25 日搬进这所房子

      The office is closed on Fridays

      办公室逢周五休息

      The children stayed at their grandmother's on Friday night

      周五晚上,孩子们住在祖母家

      in 一天中的某个时间段,月,年,季节,长段时间

      I'll come and see you in the morning for a cup of coffee,okay?

      我早上来看你喝杯咖啡,好吗?

      We usually go camping in July

      我们通常在七月去露营

      The house was built in 1835

      这座房子建于 1835 年

      The church was built in the 13th century

      教堂建于 13 世纪

      The garden is wonderful in the spring when all the flowers come out

      春天百花齐放,花园美不胜收

      The baby kept crying in the night

      宝宝晚上一直哭

    • 表示方向

      at

      for

      on

      to

      in

      into

      onto

      between

      左右用 on,东南西北用 in

      on your left

      in the east

      you’ll see the school on your left

      你将在你的左边看到学校

      onto 到 xxx 的上边

      I don't like it when the cat jumps onto my lap

      我不喜欢猫跳到我腿上

      at 朝着

      You don't have to shout at me

      你不必对我大喊大叫

      The older girls used to throw stones at me

      年长的女孩过去常常向我扔石头

    • 表示方式

      by 通过

      on 依靠、关于

      in 用...的方式

      like 如同...一样

      with 伴随

      I’ll send it by email

      我将通过电子邮件发送

      Tom should be on the six o’clock train

      汤姆应该在六点钟的火车上

      Her parents always talk to her in German

      她的父母总是用德语和她说话

      I don’t like tea with milk

      我不喜欢茶里放牛奶

    方法 2:固定搭配——查阅朗文词典、牛津词典

一个特别的介词 to

  1. 作为介词

    介词 + 名词/V ing/句子

    介词 + 名词

    Does he want to come to the park with us ?

    他想和我们一起去公园吗?

介词 + V ing

I look forward to hearing from you

我期待您的回音

  1. 用作不定式

    I need to leave early today —— need to do something

    我今天需要早点离开

    this delicious dessert is easy to make

    这种美味的甜点很容易做

    We tried to explain

    我们试图解释

介词结构用作表语

The apple on the table 短语

The apple is on the table 句子 主系表

梳理一下

太阳升起

The sun rises

太阳每天从东方升起

The sun rises in the east in the morning

都在句尾:地点>时间

注意介词结构的位置

穿着红色大衣的女士正走向我

The lady in a red coat is coming toward me

穿着红色大衣的女士正沿街而下走向我

The lady in a red coat is walking down the street and coming toward me

穿着红色大衣的女士此刻正沿街而下走向我

The lady in a red coat is walking down the street and coming toward me at this moment

易犯错误

I got a card from my sister this morning

今天早上我收到了姐姐寄来的卡片

❌ I got a card from my sister in this morning

I hope to go to Europe next summer

❌ I hope to go to Europe in next summer

我希望明年夏天去欧洲

At or on

We never go away at the New Year —— 新年期间 用 at

新年期间我们从未离开

On New Year's Day,the whole family gets togeter —— 具体到某一天 用 on

元旦,全家团聚

In or on ?

I always work best in the morning —— 早上期间 用 in

我总是在早上(期间)工作得最好

It happened on a beautiful summer's evening —— 具体到某一天 用 on

它发生在一个美丽的夏日傍晚

At or in ?

It’s not safe to travel at night —— 没有冠词

晚上出行不安全

I was awake in the night,thinking about all the things that have happened —— 有冠词

我在晚上醒来,想着发生的一切

对话应用 1

A: Hi,Tom.Are you free next Monday?Let's go to see a movie

嗨,汤姆,你下周一有空吗?我们去看电影吧

B: I have to eat dinner with my family

我必须和家人一起吃晚饭

A: We can watch the last show.I think it starts at 9:45 ( fifteen to ten )pm

我们可以看最后一场演出。我想它是在晚上 9 点 45 分开始

B: That would be great

那很好啊

A: What time can you be at the theater by

你什么时候可以在剧院

B: I can be there by 9:15 ( fifteen past nine )pm

我能在 9:15 分前到

对话应用 2

A: Hello,this is Doctor watson’s clinic. How can I help you.

你好,这里是华生医生的诊所。我怎么帮你。

B: Hello,this is Tom Black. I’d like to make an appointment.

你好,我是汤姆·布莱克。我想要预约

A: OK,Mr Black.How about Tuesday at half past three (3:30)?

好的,布莱克先生,星期二三点半怎么样

B: I’m busy all day on Tuesday.Is Friday OK?

星期二我全天都很忙,星期五可以吗

A: Well,the doctor can see you in the morning at half past nine(9:30)

嗯,医生可以在早上九点半见你

B: Can you give me the directions?

你能给我指个方向吗?

A: We are at 143 Peach Drive

我们在 143 Peach Drive

介词中的难点-of

  1. 表示所有格,...的

    A of B 结构 ——> B 的 A 名词类

    The color of his tie matches his suit

    Can’t you throw out that old bike of Tom’s

    The policeman is a friend of mine

    She’s a friend of my father’s

    I met another boyfriend of Lucy’s yesterday

    My work is no business of yours

    常见疑问:

    下面两种写法都可以

    She’s a friend of my father

    She’s a friend of my father’s

    需要用代词

    She’s a friend of mine

    She's a friend of me ❌

    ‘s常用于人、动物、组织、国家。of 没有太多要求

    She’s my father’s friend

    She’s a friend of my father’s

    没有生命的对象一般用 of

    The door of the building is open —— 常用

    The building’s door is open —— 不常用

    周杰伦的一首歌,介词用 by 而不是 of

    a song by Jay Chou ✅

    a song of Jay Chou ❌

  2. 表示数量

    a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡

    a bunch of bananas 一串香蕉

    several bags of sugar 几包糖

    millions of dollars 百万美元

    不太知道数量是多少,可以用固定搭配

    Some of my best friends are computer scientists

    Most of the new workers in the country are from Turkey

    All of us are hoping for good news

  3. 固定搭配

    He’s always been frightend of spiders

    Have you ever heared of the poet T.S. Eliot

    He died of a heart attack

  4. 难点

    The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 20th March to 1st May 2003

    2003 年那次入侵伊拉克,是从 2000 年三月开始, 2003 年五月结束

    The financial investment of the company is buying real estate

    该公司的金融投资是买房产

    The financial investment of the company cost most of my money

    对这家公司的金融投资花掉了我大部分的钱

对话应用

A: Would you like an appetizer?

你想要开胃菜吗

B: Yes,I’d like a bowl of chicken soup,please.Are there any specials going on?

是的,我想要一碗鸡汤。今天有哪些特色菜

A: Today’s special is steak

今天的特色是牛排

B: I’ll have the special of today,please

我要今天的特色菜,拜托

A: How would you like it cooked

你想要它如何烹饪

B: Medium rare

四分熟

A: Which sauce would you like to match your steak?

你想用那种酱汁来搭配你的牛排

B: Thank you. I prefer the original taste of the steak

谢谢,我更喜欢牛排的原汁原味

连词[conj]

连接单词、短语和句子

there are seats outside but some people don’t like sitting outdoors.

五大基本句型

主谓宾

例句:

I have a book

主语:I —— 主要用来发出动作

谓语:have —— 主要用来表示动作。其中 have 是及物动词,后面需要跟着某些物。

宾语:a book —— 主要用来承受动作

举例:

He drives a van

主谓

例句:

I drive

I:主语

drive:不及物动词

举例:

He smiled sweetly

I can’t wait

主系表

I am a girl

I:主语

am:系动词

a girl:表语(名词)

系统词分两种:be 动词和感官动词

  1. be 动词:is、am、are
  2. 感官动词:look、sound、smell、taste、feel、seem、appear、become、turn、remain

表语可以用名词或者形容词

主谓双宾

I made you a cake

I give you a book

主语:I

谓语:made

宾语:you 间接宾语

宾语:a cake 直接宾语

该句型常用的单词:

bet、get、make、play、sell、teach、bring、give、offer、post、send、tell、build、kick、owe、promise、show、throw、buy、leave、pass、read、sing、wish、cost、lend、pay、refuse、take、write

主谓宾宾补

My mother calls me Juli

主语:my mother

谓语:calls

宾语:me

宾语补足语:Juli

例句:

Let’s paint it blue

You make me nervous

双宾和宾补的区别

I made you a cake —— you 和 cake 是两种不同的对象

My mother calls me Juli —— me 和 Juli 是相等的

规律

主语:都是名词类(包括代词)。放前面

谓语:都是动词类(包括系动词)。放到主语后面

表语:名词类或者形容词类。放到系动词后面

宾语:名词类。放到谓语后面

补语:名词或者形容词类。放到宾语后面

对话应用

A:Hi,I’m Tom (主系表)

B:Hi,I’m Juliana(主系表), you can call me Juli (主谓宾宾补)

A:where are you from,Juli? (主系表)

B:I’m from China (主系表)

A:That’s cool(主系表).what do you do (主谓宾)

B:I’m a student(主系表),But I have a part-time job(主谓宾)

A:what is it?(主系表)

B:I teach kids math(主谓双宾)

特殊句型 there be

there be 句型多用于某物存在于某地

我的紧身裤上面有个洞

there is a hole in my tights

Thre = a hole 具有指代的功能

there is

there is 用来指代单数/不可数,还可以指代不定代词。

there is 可以简写为 there's

  1. 指代单数/不可数

    There is one exception 有一个例外(单数)

    There is ice on the lake 湖上有冰(不可数)

    There is a lot of noise in the street 街道上有很多噪音(不可数)

  2. 不定代词

    There is something wrong

    Is there anybody at home?

    不定代词:something、anything、nothing 等

there are

there are用来指代复数。

There are a lot of problems。

There are some people in the room 。(people 是单复数同行的)

there be 其他句型

第三人称单数

there exists/remains/seems ...

什么都不存在

There exists nothing

看起来有一个难题

There seems to be a problem

复数

看起来有很多难题

There seem to be a lot of problems

依然有一些问题

There remain several questions

there seem(s) 经常和 to be 搭配。there seems to be...是固定搭配

there 词性比较

there 还有一种用途——用来作副词表示:那儿

你能把那儿的盐递给我吗

Can you pass the salt there

这里的 there 是那儿的意思,

特殊句型中的 there 则是用来指代某种东西。

There is a hole in my tights

这里的 there 则用来代指——a hole

对话

A: There is nothing to do . I’m really bored

B: I got a brain teaser. Do you want to try?

A: Why not

B: What is the longest word in the dictionary?

A: Er... Can I google it?

B: No

A: Alright,I don’t know.

B: Smiles.Because there is a mile between each “s”.

如何 say no

negative sentences(否定句)

五大基本句型的否定

  1. 主谓宾 —— 用 not 否掉谓语

    I don’t like apple ————形成助动词(do)

    结构:助动词+动词原型

    第一人称

    I have a book

    I don’t have a book

    第三人称

    She has a book

    She doesn’t have a book

    过去时

    I had a book

    我曾有一本书

    I didn’t have a book

    我不曾有一本书

    过去完成时

    I have had a book

    我已经有一本书了

    I haven’t had a book

    我还没有一本书

  2. 主谓 —— 用 not 否掉谓语

    第一人称

    I drive

    I don’t drive

    第三人称

    She drives

    She doesn’t drive

    过去时

    I drove

    I didn’t drive

    过去完成时

    I have driven for 10 years

    I haven’t driven for 10 years

  3. 主谓双宾 —— 用 not 否掉谓语

    第一人称

    I make you a cake

    I don’t make you a cake

    第三人称

    She makes you a cake

    She doesn’t make you a cake

    过去时

    I made you a cake

    I didn’t make you a cake

    过去完成时

    I have made you a cake

    I haven’t made you a cake

  4. 主谓宾宾补

    My mother calls me Juli

    My mother doesn’t call me Juli

    My mother called me Juli

    My mother didn’t call me Juli

  5. 主系表

    am 的否定

    I am not a girl

    I am not beautiful

    is 的否定

    isn’t 或者 is not

    The supper is ready

    The supper is not ready

    The supper isn’t ready

    The supper was ready

    The supper wasn’t ready

    are 的否定

    are not 或者 aren't

    They are from Belgium

    They are not from Belgium

    They aren’t from Belgium

    They were from Belgium

    They weren’t from Belgium

there be 的否定

there is ice on the lake

there isn’t ice on the lake

there are some problems —— some 用于肯定句或者陈述句

there aren’t any problems —— any 用于否定句或者疑问句

there exists something —— something 用于肯定句

there doesn’t exist anything —— anything 用于否定句或者疑问句

not at all 完全不

She was not at all happy with the result

她对结果一点都不开心

There’s nothing at all left in the fridge —— leave 的被动形式 be left

冰箱里什么都没被留下

There’s nothing left at all in the fridge

冰箱里什么都没被留下

We had no rain at all this summer

今年夏天我们这根本没下雨

no 和 not 的区别

I do not have a book

I have no books

I don’t have any books

总结:no 加名词 not 用于其他

例句 1:

Do you go cycling all year round?

你一年四季都骑车吗

not in the winter

冬天不骑

例句 2:

no snow in the winter

例外:

I am not a girl ✅

I am no girl ❌

例句 4:

It’s no secret that we are interested

我们感兴趣的已经不是什么秘密了

It’s not a secret that we are interested

我们感兴趣的已经不是什么秘密了

否定副词

never 从来不

seldom 不常

hardly 几乎不

He’s never been to Australia

他从来没去过澳大利亚

He hardly smiles

他几乎不笑

I seldom go there —— I don’t go there very often

我不常去那

对话应用

A: Tom,how is your chicken?

汤姆,你的鸡肉怎么样?

B: My chicken tastes all right,but it is pretty dry.How is your fish?

我的鸡肉尝起来还可以。但是确实很干,你的鱼怎么样

A: My fish is pretty dry too

我的鱼也很干

B: It’s almost as if this food has been sitting a little too long.It doesn’t seen fresh

这几乎就像这些食物放久了一样,它看起来不新鲜

A: Yes. it seems that way to me also

是的,在我看来也是这样

B: How about your vagetables ?

你的蔬菜如何

A: My vagetables are very soggy

我的蔬菜非常湿

B: Mine are the same way.It seems like they’re been over cooked.

我的也是这样。它看起来像是被过度烹饪了

A: I don’t usually complain.But I think that we should mention this to the waiter.

我通常不抱怨,但是我想我们应该向服务员提到这一点

一般疑问句

主谓宾

Do 开头做助动词

一般提问

You have a book —— Do you have a book

第三人称

She has a book —— Does she have a book

过去时

You had a book —— Did you have a book

现在完成时

I have had a book —— Have you had a book

主谓

同上

Do you drive

Does she drive

Did she drive

has she driven

主谓宾宾补

Does your mother call you Juli

Did your mother call you Juli

has your mother called you Juli

主谓双宾

you always make me cakes

do you always make me cakes

Does she make you cakes

Did she make you cakes

has She mad you cakes

主系表

I am right —— am I right?

They are from Belgium —— Are they from Belgium

She is your sister —— Is she your sister

(感官动词 —— 系动词)

She looks beautiful —— Does she look beautiful

there be 句型

There is ice on the lake —— Is there ice on the lake

There exists something —— does there exist anything

涉及到其他时态、语态、情态的提问

The car is being repaired —— Is the car being repaired

We should be more positive —— Should we be more positive

You have been working for decades —— Have you been working for decades (现在完成进行时)

一般疑问句的回答

Has she made you a cake

Yes she has == Yeah

No she hasn’t == Nope

Hey,Tom. did you go fishing today?

I did,I went with the boys

Do you know Tom?

Yes,I do.we have known each other for years

Do you have the Coldplay latest album

I’m afraid we’ve just sold the last one

口语中的省略

Is anyone absent? Anyone absent?

Is anyone listening? Anyone listening?

Do you understand me? You understand me?

Did you call tom last night? You call Tom last night?

对话应用

A: Hi, are you Mia?

你好,你是 Mia 吗

B: I am Mia. You must Tom

我是 Mia,你一定是 Tom

A: Yes, that’s me

对,就是我

B: It’s so good to finally meet you . Karen has told me so much about you

太好了终于见到你了。Karen 告诉了我很多关于你的事

A: I hope that she had good things to say about me

我希望她对我能有些好话

B: She had only good things to say. Did you have trouble finding me ?

她只有好话要说。 你找我有困难吗

A: Well. How many beautiful women in a red dress are there by the fountain?

有多少红衣美女在喷泉旁边呢

B: Thank you for the compliment

谢谢夸奖

特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句就是带有特殊疑问词的疑问句:

what 什么

when 何时

who 谁

whom 谁(用来对宾语做提问)

which 哪个

whose 谁的

why 为什么

how 如何(表示程度)

what kind 哪一种

what time 什么时候

how many 多少

how much 多少

how long 多久

how often 多常

how far 多远

how old 几岁

针对定语-主语进行提问

Tom bought this

—— Who bought this

Bill has the money

—— who has the money

—— who have the money (多个人的情况下用 have。你的主观判断有多个人时使用)

The car hit (过去式) the dog

—— What hit the dog

Home is my favorit place

—— Where is your favorit place

Today is my birthday

—— When is your birthday

The black table is broken

—— Which table is broken

—— What is broken

Your phone is ringing

—— what is ringing

—— whose phone is ringing

总结: 对于定语—主语提问,用疑问词替换

针对定语-宾语进行提问

  1. 句首加疑问词
  2. 单词发生变化

The girl ate an apple

—— What did the girl eat

Tom saw the president

—— Who did Tom see (也可以用 Whom)

Tom drives Bill’s car

—— What does Tom drive

—— Whose car does Tom drive

The baseball broke the back window

—— Which window did the baseball break

总结:疑问句 + do/does/did + 剩下的部分

针对定语-表语进行提问

换单词及顺序

My name is Bill

—— What’s your name

He is the president

—— Who is he

That’s Tom’s dog

—— Whose dog is that

I’m good

—— How are you

The color is white

—— What is the color

You look great

—— How do I look

It smells delicious

—— How does it smell

对话应用

Interviewer:What are your previous jobs?

你之前都做过什么工作

Interviewee:I was a Computer Engineer

我是一个计算机工程师

Interviewer:How do you deal with high-stress situations

你如何应对压力大的情况

Interviewee:I actually work better under pressure and I’ve found that I enjoy working in a challenging environment

实际上,我在压力下工作得更好,而且我发现我喜欢在充满挑战的环境中工作

Interviewer:What interests you about this job?

你对这份工作有什么兴趣

Interviewee:I am interested in this Job because I am extremely interested in and skilled at,learning and excelling at new technologies

我对这份工作很感兴趣,因为我对新技术非常感兴趣和熟练,学习和擅长新技术

对定语-间宾/宾补进行提问

My mother calls me Juli

—— What does your mother call you

You make him sad

—— What did I do

这一部分不建议用规则记忆

对谓语进行提问

What does she usually do after work

She goes jogging

对状语:副词、介词结构、不定式等提问

疑问词有:when/where/how/what time...

Mary is very beautiful

—— How beautiful is Mary ?

—— How beautiful Mary is !

Bill passed the test by studying hard

—— How did Bill passed the test

The keys are on the table

—— Where are the keys

Tom’s appointment was at four o’clock

—— When was Tom’s appointment

Mary is thin because she went on a diet

—— Why is Mary thin

I study English every day

—— How often do you study English

常用提问

What’s your name

where are you from / where do you come from

what’s your address

where do you live

what’s your phone number

how old are you

when were you born

where were you born

Are you married / what’s your marital status

what do you do

where did you go

what did you do

have you got any children

主谓一致原则

主谓一致原则就是主语和谓语保持一致的原则。

I eat breakfast

she eats beakfast

主语:单数(she、Bill、car ...)/不可数的情况下

谓语:is,goes,has ...等单数形式

Bill goes to work on weekdays

Bill 在工作日去上班

The car is in the underground garage

轿车在地下停车库

The list of items is on the desk

清单列表在桌子上

A bouquet of lily lends color and fragrance to the room

一束百合为房间增添色彩和香气

原则一

主语和谓语被隔开

Bill,as a doctor,goes to work on weekdays.

Bill 作为一个医生,工作日上班

She ,however,is still sad

然而,她还是很难过

a lot , a majority,some,all 等受主语影响

A lot of people were hurt

很多人受伤

A lot of money was spent on it

需要钱被花在它上面

原则二

主语是单数且由 or,either..or,neither..nor 连接

谓语:用单数

My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today

我的阿姨和我的叔叔今天坐火车到

Neither Oleg's mother nor his father speaks English

Oleg 的爸爸妈妈两个都不会说英语

关于 neither...nor

用法 1:neither 名词 nor 名词

Neither Oleg's mother nor his father speaks English

用法 2:neither 动词 nor 动词

Most of them neither konw nor care how it works

他们中大部分既不知道也不关心它是如何运行的

用法 3:neither 形容词 nor 形容词

The equipment is neither accurate nor safe

这个设备既不精确也不安全

原则 3

主语:单复数 混合且由 or,either..or,neither..nor 连接

谓语:就近原则

Neither Peter nor his parents were aware of this

彼得和他的父母都没有意识到这一点

Either you or they are to clean up the mess

要不是你,要不他们,来打扫这残局

关于原则 3

Neither she,my friends,nor I am going to the park (不好)

Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the park (修改成这样)

She,my friends and I are going to the park

原则 4

主语:用 and 连接的名词

谓语:用复数形式

A car and a bike are my means of transportation

汽车和自行车是我的交通工具

The bread and the butter are on sale

面包和黄油在售

原则 4 的例外:

如果 and 连接的单词是一个整体

The bed and breakfast is great

床和早餐都很棒(这里的床和早餐是欧洲酒店共同的整体服务)

The bread and butter is served for beakfast

供应面包和黄油作为早餐

原则 5

主语:单从意思上看是一个整体概念

谓语:单数

Ten dollars is a high price

十美元太贵了

Three miles is too far

三英里太远了

原则 6

主语:既可以看成复数也可以看成一个整体

谓语:都可以

All of my family has arrived/have arrived

我全家都到了

A third of the population is unemployed/are unemployed

三分之一失业人口

The staff is talking about their new manager

The staff are talking about their new manager

The staff members ate talking about their new manager

员工们正在谈论他们的新经理

注意时态

主谓一致原则需要注意时态的影响:

I went to work

She went to work

I have done my homework

she has done her homework

对话应用

A: Hi Dave,how are you ?Oh,why do you look so worried

Hi,Dave,你怎么样,为什么你看起来很担忧?

B: Yeah,I’m a little worried about pollution

是的,我有一点担心污染

A: What do you think is going to happen?

你觉得会发生什么?

B: Pollution is a serious problem

污染是一个严重的问题

A: Absolutely! Besides,problems around climate change are made worse by environment pollution

当然!此外,环境污染使围绕气候变化的问题更加严重

B: I think some plants and animals are likely to become extinct

我觉得有一些植物和动物可能会灭绝

A: Once more people are aware of the dangers and we work together,we can think of solutions

一旦人们意识到这个危险,我们携手一起,一定能想出解决方案的。

情态动词

情态助动词

can,could,may,will,might,would,shall,should,must,ought

用于增添意思,例如对某事有把握或者必须或者允许做某事

情态助动词的规则

  1. 第三人称不加 s

    She may konw his address

  2. 疑问句和否定句的形式

    Can you swim ? Do you can swim

    He shouldn't do that

  3. 加动词原型

    I must water the flowers must to

    例外:

    ought to do sth 应该去做什么

    You really ought to quit smoking

    你真的应该戒烟

  4. 没有 -ing、to do、-ed 三种形式

    mayed、maying、to may

  5. would、could、should、might 有时会作 wil、can、shall、may 的过去时

    我想能滑冰

    I want to can skate

    I want to be able to skate

    那些日子里,人们要辛勤工作

    People had to work hard in those days

    People musted work...

情态动词的使用

  • 表示确定程度:确定、有可能、很有可能、不可能

    shall、will、won't、must、can't、should、ought to、may、might、could

  • 表示义务:必须、能够、允许

    must、have to、need to、should、ought to、needn't、don't、need to、don't have to

第一组:will、won’t、would

I’ll give you a call at about 6 o’clock —— 将来时

I think they will be away in January again —— 推测

I think i’ll have some orange juice,actually —— 决定

We’ll always love you —— 承诺

This tastes good,will you give me the recipe —— 要求

Will you be quiet,please —— 命令

I won't have a party —— 确定

Would you close that door —— 请求

I’d advise you to keep working on you grammar —— 建议

I’d say you are about 40 —— 推测

第二组:shall、shan’t、should、shouldn’t

shall I carry your bag? —— 提议

shall I call again on Tuesday? —— 建议

What shall we do with this? —— 寻求建议

We shall remember this day forever —— 意图

This door shall be kept closed at all times —— 命令

shall you ❌ 一般不这么用

注意,提问用 shall,回答要用 should

What shall we do with this?

In my opinion, We should shall book another hotel.

在我看来,我们应该定另外的酒店

I shan’t be home tomorrow night (不常用)

明晚我不在家

There should be more public hospitals —— 应该

应该有更多的公立医院

You should tell him what you think —— 建议

你应该告诉他你是怎么想的

There should be a very big crowd at the party. Mary has so many friends —— 应该

派对上应该有一大伙人,Mary 有那么多的朋友

You shouldn’t smoke in front of the children —— 不应该

你不应该在孩子面前抽烟

A: I got you something from Texas. A cowboy hat.

B: Oh,Ken, You shouldn’t have ! —— 没必要这么做(客气)

我从得克萨斯州给你买了礼物,一顶牛仔帽

噢,Ken,你不用买啦

第三组:must、mustn't

He’s so small.He must be no more than four years old —— 推断

他好小,肯定不到 4 岁

A: She lives in Thailand now.

B: That must be amazing —— 口语,表达情感

她现在住在泰国

那肯定很棒

I must talk to you about the new project —— 必须

我必须跟你说下新项目的事

I must try harder next time —— 必须

下次我要更努力

注意:过去必须做某事..

Last year,teachers had to make a report on each child every week

Last year,teacher must make a report ❌

去年,每周老师都得为每个孩子写一个总结报告

You must not park outside the entrance —— 规定、法律

你不能把车停到入口的地方

All passengers must present valid photo identification at check-in for all flights —— 公共标志

所有航班的乘客在登机手续办理处必须出示有效的带有照片的身份证明

You must come and see us soon —— 邀请

你一定要早点来看我们

Must you keep playing that terrible music ? —— 指责

你一定要放这么可怕的音乐吗

must VS have to/have got to

I must buy some new clothes.Mine look so old —— 内心觉得必须做什么

我必须买一些新衣服了,我的看起来很久

I**‘ve got to** buy some new clothes. I’m starting a new job as a teacher and we have to wear formal clothes —— 外部要求不得不这么做

我不得不去买一些新衣服了,我的新工作是一个老师,要求我们必须穿正装。

mustn’t VS don’t have to/haven’t got to

You must not give my credit card details to anyone。必须不

你不能把我的信用卡信息给任何人

You don't have to tell anyone. I will email everyone。—— 没必要

你没必要告诉其他人,我会发邮件的

第四组:may、may not

May we use your phone? —— 询问许可

我能用你的手机吗?

Yes, you may / No,you may not

嗯,可以的 / 不,不可以

注意:

May you give me a cup of coffee ❌ —— may 不能用于 you

Could you give me a cup of coffee ✅

May I have a cup if coffee ✅

The economy may go up or down in the next year. —— 可能

接下来的一年,经济可能变好或变差

I may be wrong but I am going to tell the police about it —— 可能

我可能错了,但是我会告诉警察一切

We may not have enough infomation at the moment —— 可能

我们现在掌握的信息可能不够

第五组:might、mightn’t (语气比 may 弱)

I might go to Japan for a month to study Japanese

我可能会去日本一个月,学习日语

Might I ask your name? —— 非常礼貌,但很少用

请问您的名字是?

You might like to try one of our wonderful desserts —— 建议

你可以尝一下我们这些非常好的甜点心

There might not be anyone in the house.

房子里面可能没有一个人吧

第六组:can、can’t

Can I take Daisy for a walk —— 允许

我能够带 Daisy 出去散步吗

You can't park there —— 不允许

你不能把车停那

I can see her coming down the road now —— 能够

我看到她现在走过来了

Fireworks can frighten pets —— 会

烟花会吓到宠物

对猜测进行回答

A: who owns this blue coat? It must be yours

这件蓝色大衣是谁的?肯定是你的

B: It can’t be mine

不可能是我的

Can’t you stop making that awful noise —— 责备

你能停掉那可怕的噪音吗

第七组:could、couldn’t 比 can 语气要弱一点

It could be blue —— 可能

有可能是蓝色的

The storm could get worse

风暴可能会越来越大

He couldn’t lift that.It’s soo heavy —— 能够

他举不起来那个,太重了

A: Could I leave early today?

B: Yes,you can / No,you can’t ✅

Yes,you could / No,you couldn’t ❌

第八组:need to、needn’t to/don’t need to、have to、don’t have to、ought to

We need to win this games to get into the final. ——责任感

我们需要赢了这场比赛才能进决赛

I don’t need to do it now. I’ll do it later —— 责任感

我不需要现在做,我等会再做

I have to go up the hospital twice a week —— 必要

我每周得去医院两次

I don’t have to do it now.I’ll do it later —— 没必要

我没必要现在做,我等会再做

The traffic isn’t heavy.We ought to be there in an hour —— 推测

这交通不太严重,我们应该一小时内到

Children ought to look after their parents in old age —— 责任

父母老了以后,孩子应该照顾他们的父母

对话应用

A: Could you help me?

你能帮帮我吗

B: What’s wrong

怎么了

A: I think I’m lost

我想我迷路了

B: Where are you going?

你要去哪

A: I need to find the movie theater

我需要找到电影院

B: You’re not sure where it is?

你不确定它在哪吗

A: I really don’t know

我真的不知道

B: You do know where the mall is ? right?

那你知道商场在哪吗

A: I know exactly where that is

我准确知道

B: There’s a movie theater inside the mall

商场里面就有一家电影院

numbers

数字

例如:one、two、three ...

用法 1:表示数字

用法 2:表示数量,用于名词前

one boy / one of my friends

My two best friends are Amy and Louise

我的两个最好的朋友叫 Amy 和 Louise

Three of his colleagues were sacked yesterday

昨天他的三个同事被解雇了

two cups of water

两杯水

用法 3:特殊的词组

The children arrived in twos and threes

孩子们三三两两地到了

large numbers

hundred、thousand、million、billion...

百、千、百万、十亿

放在名词前,表示数量

The city is about a hundred kilometers from the capital

这座城市离首都大概 100 公里

用法 1:表示具体数额,复数没有 s。例如 100,2000

There were about two hundred people at the meeting

当时大概有 200 个人在会议上

用法 2:表示抽象数额,有 s,例如上百,上千

hundreds/thousands/millions ...+ of + 名词

It’s happened hundreds of times -

这发生上百次了

用法 3:用阿拉伯数字表示时的习惯

The car costs $1,250

这辆车花费了 1,250 美元

A total of $5,000,000 was spent on the project

一共有 5 百万花在这个项目上

一个逗号表示 thousand,两个逗号表示 million

序数词

first、second、third 等序数词

序数词前有冠词或所有格

This was the fifth science exam

这是第五次科学考试

It's her twenty-first birthday

这是她第二十一个生日

用法 1:置于名词前

用法 2:当做名词使用

All three singers in the competition were excellent but I’m voting for the third

比赛的三个歌手都很棒,不过我要投票给第三位

用法 3:当做副词使用

First,let me introduce you to my brother Jack

首先,让我把你介绍给我的兄弟 Jack

He came tenth in the New York marathon

在纽约的马拉松上,他来到了第十位

对话应用

A: This car is exactly what I want !

这辆车就是我想要的

B: I am glad that you like it.I’ve had good experiences with this car.

我很高兴你喜欢它,我以前开这车的时候感觉很好

A: So,how much you want for the car

所以,多少钱呢?

B: Well,the price in the paper was five thousand dollars

我写的价格是 5,000 美元

A: Yes,I know,but I think that might be a little high for this car.

是的,我知道,但是我想这个价格对这辆车来说有一点贵

B: I might be able to come down a little on the price

我能够降价一点点

A: How about selling the car for four thousand?

四千美元可以吗

B: No,that’s way less than I could accept.However,I could accept forty-five hundred

不行,那比我能接受的价格少多了。不过四千五可以

A: That sounds fair to me

这听起来很公平

B: It’s a deal then,Thank you

那就这么说定了,谢谢

数字整理

一般现在时

present tense:simple

时态分:

  • 过去:一般 进行 完成 完成进行
  • 现在:一般 进行 完成 完成进行
  • 将来:一般 进行 完成 完成进行

一般过去时:

I broke a window yesterday

我昨天打破了一扇窗户

一般现在时:

My parants live in London now

我的父母现在住在伦敦

一般将来:

I will go to Paris this summer vacation

我暑假会去巴黎

时态学习的重点:

  1. 句子谓语部分的变化形式
  2. 每一个时态的用法和表达的意思
  3. 和时态搭配的时间状语

形式

一般现在时态:

I work every day

She works every day

-Does she work every day

-Where does she work

-She doesn’t work

every day 是时间状语(副词),everyday 是形容词或名词。

用法

永久的情况:真理、常识、事实等

Ten times ten that makes one hundred

十乘以十等于一百

It always rains here in November

这儿 11 月经常下雨

Birds do not like milk

鸟不喜欢喝牛奶

New York is a small city

纽约很小

It is not important that this fact is untrue

事实是不是真实的不重要

长期的情况:习惯、一般情况

I really love my job

我真的很爱我的工作

Mary plays tennis every Wednesday

Mary 每周三都要去打网球

He never forgets his wallet

他从不忘记带钱包

长期的情况:计划中的事情

The train leaves at 6 PM

The party starts at 8 o’clock

When do we board the plane?

当下的情况:动词一般是延续的

I am here now

我现在在这

He needs help right now

他现在需要帮助

Do you have your passport with you?

你带了护照吗

当下的情况:即时反应

Do you think that meat is ok to eat?It doesn’t smell very good

你觉得这肉能吃吗?闻起来味道不太对

Where does it hurt

伤哪儿啦?

I don’t like the color.I think I look terrible

我不喜欢这个颜色,我穿着很难看

It seems a bit quiet in here. Where is everyone?

演讲、解说、故事中的现在时态

In Act I,Hamlet sees the ghost of his father. The ghost tells him...

第一幕:哈姆雷特看到了他父亲的灵魂。这个灵魂告诉他